Interstate conflicts Essay

Introduction: Interstate conflicts are an integral part of the 21st century. The previous century was dominated by two world wars which were extremely violent and the repercussions of which the world is facing even today. It becomes essential to the study the different dynamics of interstate conflicts in order to expedite the processes of conflict management and resolution. There are different actors in a conflict environment and mass media is an important one among them. It is through mass media that conflicts are communicated to citizens. Mass media influences the citizen’s impression and image of the other i.e. the enemy in question. Proliferation of mass media technology has resulted into mediates conflicts. Conflict is continuously hammered upon the audience by various forms of media and hence the need to critically examine the various aspects of media’s role in conflict. This study deals with the most crucial conflict in South Asia i.e. of India-Pakistan. This conflict has shap ed the political and economic situation in the sub-continent. Mass media’s role in the India-Pakistan conflict has been much debated by scholars and media n professionals alike. What has not been explored is the possibility of Peace Journalism as opposed to mainstream War Journalism between the two countries. For this very purpose, the researcher has selected a Peace Journalism campaign named Aman Ki Asha (Hope for Peace). The campaign was launched on January 1st, 2010 by The Times of India (India) and The Jang Group (Pakistan) leading media houses of the respective countries. The campaign intends to create an enabling environment by facilitating dialogue between the two governments, encouraging people-to-people contact, thereby contributing to peace between the two countries. The initiative is the first of its kind by print media in the sub-continent. It seeks to satisfy its quest for peace by discussion on all contentious issues between the two countries through mediums like seminars, conferences, cultural festivals and all other forums of people to people contact. The campaign has also committed itself to positive use of print media to promote the benefits of peace and give space to each others point of view on issues of dispute. So far, Aman Ki Asha has organized literary and music fests, editors conferences, trade conferences and strategic seminars to realize its vision. Peace Journalism in the context of India and Pakistan assumes much importance because media in both the nations have been  vehicles to spread hate and animosity. Dissemination of stereotyped images and conventional messages has been at the forefront of media activity in India and Pakistan. During the Kargil War (1999), media contributed to building up of the war hysteria. Thus, media has essayed a by and large negative role when it comes to promoting peace between the two neighbors. Looking at the above mentioned arguments, Aman Ki Asha offers a different perspective on what kind of role can be played by the media in the course of India-Pakistan conflict. It is a Peace Journalism venture launched for the first time in the media history of the two nations. Its critical examination can offer insights into the workings of the Peace Journalism model in current and conflicting times. Moreover, it comes at a time when there looms a constant threat about a nuclear zed conflict in South As ia. Hence, the campaign has been chosen for the study. HEALTH: Use war as a metaphor for disease one which needs cure Incorporate the idea that was is a disease that has afflicted the people of both countries Peace has been used as a metaphor for a healthy state of mind and body. Healthy and progressive relations between India-Pakistan can be established through peace. Intricate connections between war-disease and peace-health have been affirmed by all the articles under this theme. Cooperating on health issues is seen as a possibility of widening dialogue among citizens of both countries. The articles under this theme depict the campaigns stress on cooperation between soft areas like health, IT, education, agriculture, tourism etc. However, there is no specificity on what kind of mechanisms ought to be developed to counter these health threats. There is not much information available in the articles on what kind of health threats do people in Pakistan face and also no commentary about the need to channelize money being overspent on defense by b oth nations on building better health infrastructure. Thus, there is no correlation established between the concept of perceived threat and neglect of peoples issues in both countries. People-to-People contact through sector-wise cooperation has been emphasized repeatedly but questions about its sustainability and impact have not been addressed at all. The styles in which the three articles have been written is starkly different The stand point taken by all the three stories is  pro-peace and pro-cooperation The article dated November 20, 2011 seeks stories from ordinary people on both sides of the border. It talks about ailing Pakistani children being operated in India free of cost It shows that the existing gap between the two nations can be successfully bridged by its common people. There is no exploration of the facet of Pakistanis contributing to Indian medicine and healthcare in any way but the vice-versa has been reported. (1) BUSINESS/ECONOMY: Business/trade has been identified as another important area of cooperation by the campaign. This is evident from the number of articles devoted to the theme. The articles on business identify visa restrictions prevalent between the two countries as the major hurdle for advancement of economic ties. They contain important statements from policy-makers marking a shift in the attitudes of governments on both sides when it comes to trading. Eg: Statement from Pakistani Commerce Minister first to visit India in 35 years. Trading ties with India for Pakistan are a subject of national interest not only for its government and citizens, but also for its military establishment which speaks volumes about the military being an important stake-holder in the political system of Pakistan. The militarys stake in the peace process may lead to an entirely different set of consequences which has not been debated at all. There is also a passing mention about the arrangement of SAFTA (South Asia Free Trade Agreement) but no analysis of how its workings have been hampered by the discord between India and Pakistan. Apart from increasing trade ties, the two nations as mentioned in the articles can also help each other in building institutions of commerce and capacity building of people in the field of business. Enhancing trade tries is not viewed as being restricted to the easing of the visa regime but has been furthered to action oriented cooperation. A possibility to strengthen regional cooperation through SAARC (South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation) has been envisioned. This shows the desire for normalcy not only in bilateral relations but peace for the entire South Asian region items etc the latter granting the same to Pakistan in 1996.(2) POLICY: Kabul river treaty between Afghanistan and Pakistan and how Indias aid to  Afghan developmental projects is creating mistrust between India and Pakistan. This is in consensus to the Peace Journalism model developed by Galtung which says that peace journalism does not restrict the number of parties in a conflict to two and also reports about other parties which may have an indirect or direct influence on the conflict. The article provides a factual and critical analysis to dispel suspicious thinking on part of Pakistan. This is an important component of peace journalism because if threats of conflict are critically analyzed, then they might reveal certain misconceptions and pre-conceived notions.(3) This a very good example of peace reporting and it stands out among the entire lot of articles mainly because it is analytical in nature as opposed to factual reports. One of the characteristics of peace journalism is looking at larger benefits of peace and cooperation, which this article successfully does. It also prescribes peace alternatives for eg: How India can facilitate an Afghan-Pak water treaty to remove suspicions about its role. CULTURE/ENTERTAINMENT: Culture may not seem to be an obvious avenue of cooperation between the two countries but it is an important one because culture has deep influence and impact on people. It is through culture and different forms of mass media that existing stereotypes can be dismantled. India-Pakistan cooperation in the sector of culture is not an institutionalized one. It has grown by itself. Over the time, Pakistani artists have been accepted whole-heartedly by the Indian audience and they have also gained commercially by being a part of the Indian entertainment industry. Their Pakistani identity has not come in the way of their achieving success in Bollywood. They have made a home for themselves in India, says the article, which essentially signifies the transcendence from rigid to flexible national identities in this case. There is a possibility for greater cooperation in sectors of film and music by the way of cross country productions between India and Pakistan. For eg: An India-Pak film festival. This is a very significant article because the Aman ki Asha campaign itself has been a venue for various cultural exchanges between the two countries through which the ability of culture to bring people together is demonstrated. (4) Civil Society and Peace Activists: A number of civil society organizations and NGOs are working to promote peace  and harmony between two nations. They include among others South Asian Free Media Association (SAFMA), Pakistan, Green circle Organization (GCO), Pakistan, Institute for Secular Studies and Peace (ISSP), Pakistan and Aman Ki Asha (Hope for Peace) a joint venture of two daily newspapers of India and Pakistan. (5) Peace between India and Pakistan has been stubbornly elusive and yet tantalizingly inevitable. This vast subcontinent senses the bounties a peace dividend can deliver to its people yet it recoils from claiming a share. The natural impulse would be to break out of the straitjacket of stated positions and embrace an ideal that promises sustained prosperity to the region, yet there is hesitation. There is a collective paralysis of the will, induced by the trauma of birth, amplified by false starts, mistrust, periodic outbreaks of violence, suspicion, misplaced jingoism and diplomatic doublespeak. Tragically, opportunity knocks unheard on doors bolted on the inside. Opportunism, that appeals to atavistic passions, elicits an instant response to every single knock. It is one of history’s ironies that a people who share so much, refuse to acknowledge their similarities and focus so avidly on their differences. We believe it is time to restore the equilibrium. Public opinion is far too potent a force to be left in the hands of narrow vested interests. The people of today must find its voice and force the rulers to listen. The awaam must write its own placards and fashion its own slogans. The leaders must learn to be led and not blindly followed. Skepticism about the given is often the genesis of faith. This skepticism has been brewing. It can be unleashed to forge a new social compact between the people of this region. The media in India and Pakistan speaks directly to the hearts and minds and stomachs of the people. It can help in writing a final chapter, adding a happy t wist to a story that seemed headed for tragedy. It can do so by shaping the discourse and steering it away from rancour and divisiveness. It has the maturity to recognize the irritants and obstacles to peace and will not take a timid stance towards the more intractable and contentious issues – whether relating to Kashmir, water disputes or the issue of cross-border terrorism. It can offer solutions and nudge the leadership towards a sustained peace process. It can create an enabling environment where new ideas can germinate and bold initiatives can sprout. The media can begin the conversation where a plurality of views and opinions are not drowned out by  shrill voices. It can cleanse polluted mindsets and revive the generosity of spirits which is a distinctive trait of the subcontinent. It can help cool the temperature and wean away the guardians from fortified frontiers. It can argue the case for allocating scarce resources where they are needed the most. We believe that this is an intervention whose time has come. We recognize that set backs will occur but these should not derail the process. We will need t o reach out and pluck the low hanging fruit in the beginning before we aim higher. Issues of trade and commerce, of investments, of financial infrastructure, of cultural exchanges, of religious and medical tourism, of free movement of ideas, of visa regimes, of sporting ties, of connectivity, of reviving existing routes, of market access, of separated families, of the plight of prisoners, will be part of our initial agenda.. They talk to each other about food, about music, about poetry, about films, about theatre and about the prolonged absences spawned by lost years. They share anxieties, discuss rising prices, seek advice on their children’s education, gossip about their in-laws, trade anecdotes and laugh at the foibles of politicians. We want to lower the walls so that the conversation continues. We owe our unborn generations the right to rise out of the depths of poverty, and squalour. It is embarrassing to read the statistics confirming our resistance to positive change in the fields of education, health and poverty alleviation. All social indices are s tacked against us and will remain so unless we scatter the war clouds that menace our skies. There are external elements at work in the region that thrive on the animosity between the two neighbours. They have a stake in keeping the region in turmoil. We need to combat them by making them irrelevant. A surge of goodwill and flexibility on the part of civil society and the media will push these forces back by denying them the raw material that manufactures hate. Our subcontinent needs to follow the footprints left behind by the great poets, sufi saints and the bhakts who preached and practiced love and inclusiveness. This is the land of Tagore and Ghalib, of Bulleh Shah and Kabir, of Nanak and Moinuddin Chisti. It is their spirit that will guide us in this journey. The one and half billion people of this region await the dawning of an age where peace, equality and tranquility prevails. This will happen when every heart beats with Aman ki Asha. What Aman ki Asha has achieved so far: Aman ki Asha has brought about a sea change in perceptions about each other among Indians and Pakistanis. Independent surveys in India and Pakistan have shown that as a result of the Aman ki Asha campaign, every positive perception about Pakistan in India has improved, and every negative perception has decreased. Some of the more significant changes in perception include. Before Aman ki Asha was launched only 4% Indians knew Pakistan’s point of view on the Kashmir; after 12 months of campaigning this increased by 425%, to 17%.(6) 1. The terror perception of Pakistan decreased from 59% to 29%. 2. The hope for sustainable peace â€Å"in our lifetime† increased from 13% to 29% 3. The desire for peace amongst Indians increased from 62% to 82% Indians familiar with and following the Aman ki Asha campaign had an approximately 40% more positive perception about Pakistan than those not familiar with Aman ki Asha. By openly and aggressively campaigning forthe resolution of disputes, establishing trade and investment relations and greater people to people contacts, Aman ki Asha has enabled all other stakeholders , NGOs engaged in peace-building, politicians, the business community and civil society leaders – to openly advocate normalization of relations between Pakistan and India far more rigorously than before. (7) Aman ki Asha has brought the business communities of both countries together in their individual capacities as well as the two largest business associations of India and Pakistan the Pakistan Business Council and the Confederation of Indian Industries. By strongly advocating economic collaboration and making presentations to the Commerce Ministry of Pakistan, Aman ki Asha has provided impetus to Pakistan’s grant of MFN status to India. By providing a platform for an open and honest discussion on contentious issues and giving voice to the strong desire of the people of both countries for peace, Aman ki Asha has given tremendous confidence to both governments to negotiate with an open mind and show flexibility (during his visit to Pakistan, the then Indian Foreign MinisterS.M. Krishna publicly acknowledged that, â€Å"the sea change in the relations between India and Pakistan during the last two years is largely attributable to the efforts of Aman ki Asha and we now share the optimism of Aman ki Asha†). All mainstream political leaders of Pakistan – Mian Nawaz Sharif, then Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gillani, Altaf Hussain, Imran Khan, Liaqat Baloch – have strongly  endorsed the objectives and the positive contribution of Aman ki Asha. Aman ki Asha has not only captured the imagination of the people of both countries it has drawn wide and vocal support from the international community.(8) Conclusion: From the above analysis, we can conclude that the Aman Ki Asha campaign has focused on events like meetings of elites, dialogues with top level officials, policy makers, and subject experts to stress on sector wise engagement between the two countries. The campaign is an initiative to dismantle stereotypes prevailing in both countries and a subtle critique on the media which relies heavily on nationalistic discourse and demonizing the other. It has provided a scope for voices of peace to be heard and has ventured the path less treaded. It has tried to establish itself as a model of peace journalism by portraying the good work done by people on both sides of the border. The thrust of the campaign comes from the belief that peace can be achieved as a result of cooperation enhanced in different sectors. However, the articles of the campaign do not delve deeper and provide a critical commentary on various peace alternatives that can be made available to India and Pakistan. Certainly, pea ce reporting should be optimistic, but it should also be balanced with the aim of guiding future policy decisions. Many first time initiatives taken up by the campaign have been discussed in the articles (eg: meetings of delegations of subject experts, visit of Pakistan Commerce Minister etc). The campaign has been a platform for elites of the two countries to meet up and exchange ideas. The articles have not covered a single visit of an Indian delegation to Pakistan which may come out as a skewed form of 15 cultural exchange. This is not to conclude that vice-versa exchanges have never taken place. Only they have not been reported in the selected sample for study. The study is limited in the sense of not being able to study the Jang Group of publications for articles about the campaign that have appeared in the Jang newspaper and its other associates. The inability to study the Jang newspaper has been because of the language barrier. The articles in the newspaper are in Urdu. However, future studies can consider including The News International, a daily from Pakistan which has partnered Aman Ki Asha with The Times of India. Studies  including articles from Jang and The News International will be able to provide a more holistic and balanced view of the campaign. Also the paucity of news articles talking about exchanges between common citizens can be attributed to two reasons Since, the campaign is of a continuous nature it may not be possible to deem each exchange and interaction between representatives of both countries as news. Hence, only some which are considered to be important and of news value have been presented in the campaign. Foreign Policy is the domain of the elite and interaction between elites is perceived to be of much more importance than between ordinary citizens to bring about an effective change in the attitudes of policy makers. Despite the lacunae in the articles analyzed, the campaign comes extremely close to the normative prescriptions developed by Galtung for a Peace Journalism model. As has been observed in the data analysis section, all the articles conform to the selected considerations in some or the other way. All considerations may not apply at the same time to a particular article. Through analysis, there has been an attempt to depict the underlying nuances of the documents which may not be quite apparent to the reader. The campaign thus, serves as a Peace Journalism model the first of its kind in the context of India-Pakistan and assumes not just greater importance but also greater responsibility to meet the challenges that lie. References: 1 Patel, T. (2005). News Coverage and Conflict Resolution: Aid or Impediment. Unpublished M.Phil Dissertation, University of Queensland. Australia. 2 http://amankiasha.com/faqs.asp Accessed on February 23, 2012 3 Chattarji, S. (2008). Tracking the Media: Interpretations of Mass Media Discourses in India and Pakistan. Routledge, New Delhi. 4.http://amankiasha.com/joint_statment.asp 5. Alam, I. (2006). Media and Peace in South Asia. Pakistan: Free Media Foundation. 6. Anupama, C. (2007). King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Inidan Cinema. New York: Warner Books. 7. Bhaumik, S. N. (2006). Politics of Indian War Films. Pakistan: South Asian Policy Analysis Network. 8. Holm, A. N. & Holm, A. N. (2008). Batting for Peace. Germany: VDM Publishers. Bibliography: 9. Kukreja, V. & Singh, M. P. (2008). Democracy, Development and Discontent in South Asia. New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. 10. Rao, S. (2010). Shah Rukh Khan: Symbol of Indian Secularism. Pakistan: South Asian Journal. (Journal # 29, named: Cinema in South Asia). 11. Saigol, R. (2006). Ideology and Curriculum in India and Pakistan. Pakistan: South Asian Free Media Association (SAFMA). 12. Gupta, A. (2006). India’s Soft Power. Indian Foreign Affairs Journal. Page # 50-52. New Delhi:

Gender Biologically Determined Essay

Drawing upon ethnographic examples from 2-3 societies. Gender being ‘biologically determined’ means that whether gender is inherited or passed down by genetics. If a person is a man or woman, (which is usually called ‘The Sex’), that is biologically determined because they inherit the chromosomes to be born a man, or to be born as a woman. In the early 1970’s sex was described by â€Å"biology as: anatomy, hormones, and physiology† (West and Zimmerman 1987). Apart from gender being a biological factor, there are other things which are not biologically determined; â€Å"Gender was an achieved status, which was constructed through psychological, cultural and social means† (West and Zimmerman1987). Hence the answer to the question â€Å"is gender biologically determined?†Is no, Gender is a socially constructed phenomenon. Gender refers to a set of roles people perform in their communities, which are their values and attitudes that people have toward man and woman (Bonvillain 2006). In this essay, the topics which would be discussed to support this argument are Gender Identity with examples of how men and women are expected to act, walk, talk and dress in a certain manner which is suitable in their society, Gender and Sexuality with the examples of culturally in-built norms of sexual behaviour, along with existing issues surrounding sexuality, and finally Gender and Status with an example of male dominance in Traditional Chinese society. Gender identity is defined in terms of how people (i.e. men and women) are supposed to behave in the social category. Their attitudes and the way the dress, talk and carry themselves in the public are encoded â€Å"in a set of cultural assumptions† which are based on the culture’s values and roles and people are expected to learn these as they are a part of that society (Bonvillain 2006). Each culture has certain ‘norms’ for gender and these ‘norms’ vary from culture to culture, most of these norms have a universal common pattern and people seem to dwell on these social constructs as they make a living based on these ideologies. â€Å"Cultural constructs are models of behaviour and attitudes that a particular culture transmits to its members. These constructs are shared beliefs and values that become taken for granted guiding principles† (Bonvillain 2006). There are so many ways that these socially constructed behaviours are exhibited in different communities, the messages about how each man and woman should act depends upon several factors such as language and religious beliefs. Men and Women were distinguished based on their clothing, what they were allowed to wear as a man and woman, hence publically signalling their genders, men wore pants and had other bodily arts such as tattoos while woman adorned dresses, jewellery and make up. This made up the very basic structure of Gender Identity. Apart from, the basic examples of gender identity, there are several other cases where women and men have unequal identities, one such case is the, Identity inequality of men and woman in family farms. In today’s world, Gender revolves around being the fact that women are less recognised than men, and are subjected to work which are in the shadows of confinement. That being the generalised factor, the study of the ‘European family farm’ only made this issue recognizable to the world. Farms were considered to be the dominant agricultural production in the capitalist countries (Brandth 2002). The study used theories of gender role and identity, explaini ng the issue in the form of discourses. In the 1990’s questions were being raised towards identity of women and men in the rural farms, these questions eventually shifted towards feminism (Brandth 2002). â€Å"Discourses are forms of power. They constitute minds, bodies, identities of individuals as parts of wider networks of power relations† (Brandth 2002). It was used in the context of giving out a meaning towards the differences of men and women, there were three discourses formulated by Hirschman, called as the exit, voice and loyalty. Women, who didn’t want to be subjected to unequal status left the system, some used their voice to protest against it, while others simply were loyal and confined themselves to the household activities. The law stated that the ‘family farm’ should be passed on from father to son, since women were considered weak and have no access and knowledge of property and agriculture. Women only came into this, only by marriage. Hence, the male leads the family into it, he allocates what job has to be done, and he participates in forums decisions, and doing so he becomes publically recognised. Since women are adaptable and flexible, their tasks are confined to household chores, and these tasks are unpaid and not recognised as productive output from them. On the other hand, men’s identities were tied to their ownership of the farms, their occupation and the productive outcome which give them status and economic income. â€Å"Real work was equated with physical tasks and women’s self image is based on the absence of such qualities† (Brandth 2002). In recent days, with the improvement of farming technologies, the female work, such as milking cows, and so on are now being done by these improvised machines, making women less efficient and thus making farming a whole masculine activity (Brandth 2002). Hence with this example it is clearly pointed out that the social construct differentiates an d distinguishes men and women. Apart from gender being differentiated by a social construct, there are factors which raised questions and studies in the society, one of such being gender and its relation to sexuality. There is always a taboo when it comes to sex, and it seems to be a common pattern in the world. Even though, we have sexual feelings and we practice them as it being a part of nature, it is also deeply influenced by culture (Bonvillain 2006). Culture teaches people what is the right thing to do, in what way, when, where and so on. There are a lot of examples where culture intervenes and states the ‘norms’ under which the people in that society or community should behave sexually. For example, sexual relationship between members of a nuclear family or distant relations is prohibited in most cultures. There are other countries which have the legal age of having sex, which are usually the Americans and Europeans, where the legal age is 16, so if a person indulges in a sexual relationship wi th a person who is below 16 it is considered against the law and will be filed for statutory rape (Bonvillain 2006). Other regions such as India, sex before marriage is considered as sin based on the cultural beliefs, whereas in American society it is inappropriate to have sex if you’re not husband or wife (Bonvillain 2006). While in some countries where sex could be considered as normal, other societies, like Islamic countries for example, any adultery committed by a male or by a female is severely punished, or most commonly stoned to death (Bonvillain 2006). But this isn’t the only issue considering sexuality, the most recent yet shocking development, is homosexuality between men and woman. â€Å"Homosexuality was considered to be a violation of the natural law† (Bonvillain 2006). People were only meant to engage in heterosexual activity (between man and woman) to reproduce. During the 1980’s indulging in homosexual activity was considered in crime, people were imprisoned when caught doing so. But in 2003 some parts of the United States, suspended the law, and made hom osexuality legal, soon European countries such as Canada, Belgium, and Netherlands passed an act which approved of homosexual weddings (Bonvillain 2006). If one digs deeper into this issue, where these debatable, one can find that it roots back from religions. Most religion disapprove of homosexuality but in religions such as Hindu, for sexuality, scriptures of homosexual activity only stated that it was normal and natural, to be attracted to the same sex (Bonvillain 2006). But in today’s society the main issue is regarding the issue of males being attracted to each other, an example of this issue is ‘Homophobia of men’. Homosexuality is considered to be a cultural construct, which apart from the ‘lesbian identities’ gave rise to the ‘gay identities’ (Herek 1986). It is common for normal men, to avoid influencing with homosexual men, as they fear what the public might think of them being judged as not ‘masculine’, where as its more normal for woman to associate with lesbians or homosexual women, as they are not being judged by the rest of the females (Herek 1986). Studies showed, that the social construction of gay identities meant that there was something psychologically wrong with that person, it was never attributed to the fact that homosexuality is more of a social construct than something being wrong with the individuals mental state (Herek 1986). Gay men are more scared to come out, or feel comfortable about their sexuality in the public than gay woman. The reason for this is because, men look for other men’s approval to gain the status of being ‘a man’ (Kimmel). â€Å"We are under the constant careful scrutiny of other men. Other men watch us, rank us, and grant our acceptance into the realm of manhood. Manhood is demonstrated of other men’s approval. It is other men who evaluate the performance† (Kimmel). As mentioned earlier, men look for other men’s approval, and because of this gay men are subjected to stigma and discrimination (Herek 1986). As a result, they develop ‘defensiveness,’ an unconscious defence mechanism (defined in psychodynamic terms). This helps them avoid or repress their homosexual tendencies (Kimmel). To summarise, gender is not biologically determined because people have the free will to choose their sexuality (i.e. they are not born being homosexuals, it is clearly a social construct). Gender roles, is defined as a set of rules or rather guidelines towards the behaviour of men and woman. The rights and duties, attitudes and behaviours of men and women constitutes of how they are culturally associated with gender (Bonvillain 2006). The works of men and women are separate, as in, men carry on doing work which they are culturally supposed to be doing and women do their work, based on what the norms of cultures tell them to do. When these two norms interact with each other, they reflect a lot of differences and changes in status, prestige and power of men and woman this is called as ‘gender relations’ (Bonvillain 2006). It is obvious that men are thought to be more superior to women as they are more power driven and physically stronger than woman. While, men get more prestigious and leadership jobs, woman are confined to their homely duties of being a house-wife or in other words a care- giver (Bonvillain 2006). This brings about the inequality of men and woman. There tasks which categorize what woman are capable of doing such as, caring for children and their husbands, cooking food, making clothes and other homely chores, while men on the other hand do more physical and dangerous tasks such as, hunting animals, conducting warfare etc, this is called division of labour (Bonvillain 2006). Gender and status are the most recent conflict and the most studied topic in today’s society. Gender equality, happens when both the male and female agree to equal rights and behaviours. Gender inequality happens when the male and female do not agree to equal rights, attitudes and behaviour (Bonvillain 2006). An example of this, is male dominance in china, the male adult, was the head of the family and they expressed their dominance over their children and wives. Traditional Chinese cultures had more Patriarchal gender relations (Bonvillain 2006). In conclusion, the question â€Å"is gender biologically determined?† is incorrect, even though gender has a biological definition, gender is mostly socially defined in this context. The tasks or norms which each gender (i.e. male and female) is supposed to perform in the society, is based on a social construct. They are not born to be who there are, instead these social constructions are in-built within them since childhood. Since they taught to act and behave in a specific way which is culturally approved. They choose to be what sexuality appeals to them and what each individualistic gender they are taught to be. Hence ‘Gender’ is strongly driven by culture. REFERENCES: West,C and Zimmerman, Don. 1987. Doing Gender. Sociologists for Women in Society 1(2): 125-155 Herek, Gregory. 1986.on Heterosexual Masculinity. American Behavioural Scientist 29(5): 563-577 Brandth, Berit. 2002. Gender Identity in European Family Farming: A Literature Review. European Society for Rural Sociology 42(3): 181-200 Kimmel, Michael. Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, Shame and Silence in the Constructions of Gender Identity. Bonvillain, Nancy. 2006. Chapter 10, â€Å"Gender† from Cultural Anthropology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Pp. 251-282. ISBN: 0-13-045545-8

Zara Is A Modern Day Fashion Business Model - 960 Words

Zara is a modern day fashion business that takes an unconventional approach in their business model. Zara is one of the largest international fashion companies which belongs to the distribution group called inditex. They sell well made relatively cheap pieces of clothing that is always cut according to the latest fashion designed. Their customers are the heart of their designs, productions, distribution and sales. Just like all fashion companies, their primary goal is to be the number one fashion retailer. To obtain that success, their new business model challenges the industry and pushes them ahead of their competitors. Zara unique approach to fast fashion pays off as many other brands are trying to follow their success. What sets Zara apart from other modern businesses is that, their business model is to react to fashion trends as quickly as possible. Zara adapt quickly to current trends and fashion that the public demand. Their goal is create fresh new trendy design almost every one to two weeks that will be ready to be produced and shipped. Their primary goal in creating these new sketches is not only to identify trends but to evolve and never repeat their designs. Zara’s company’s strategy involves stocking their inventory very little and updating their collection often. This benefits them because it makes the shopper feel like they have to buy the item, or else it would be sold out later on. Zara’s risk taking strategy has proven to work because according toShow MoreRelatedZara s Operation Strategy And How It Uses Technology Into Operations For Fast Communication Between Different Departments Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Executive Summary This report is about Zara’s operation strategy and how it uses technology in operations to get competitive advantage in the fashion market. Zara introduced information system in operations for fast communication between different departments. The company’s store managers directly convey customers feedback to head office through advanced information system. Once the information gets collected by head office, the designers start working on new designs and take immediate opinionsRead MoreZara Case Study1656 Words   |  7 Pages3.1 HISTORY and BACKGROUND ZARA is the flagship chain store for the Spanish Inditex Group owned by Amancio Ortega, who also brands such as Massimo Dutti and Bershka. It was first open in 1975 in La Coruna, Galicia, Spain. Originally a lingerie store, then the product range expanded to incorporate women’s fashion, menswear and children’s clothes (5). The international adventure began in 1988, opened its first foreign store in Oporto, Portugal. The market growth remained mysterious and it kept growingRead MoreZara Business Model1004 Words   |  5 PagesBy Wendy –Zara exericse 1 Q5. Who are the customer ? The target market is broad, women, men, children that likes fashion and is sensitive to fashion. Q6 .Who are the customers, and what product/ service attributes do they consider important? The target market is very broad, Zara do not define their target by segmenting ages and lifestyles like what traditional retailers are doing. Its target market is working in big cities, with mid range income, a young, educated person that likesRead MoreZar Fast Fashion : Resource Based View1502 Words   |  7 PagesSTRATEGIC MANAGEMENT â€Å"ZARA: Fast fashion - Resource-Based View† Introduction Resource-Based Theory has been one among the prevailing theories in strategic management (Acedo, Barroso Galan, 2006). As the father of the modern Resource-Based View (RBV), Barney (1991) explored that RBV underlines strategic choice, challenging the organization s management with the essential tasks of identifying and deploying main resources to maximize returns. Correspondingly, Rothaermel (2012:05) defined thatRead MoreZara It for Fashion Case Study1595 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Zara has relied on Personal Digital Assistants (PDA’s) and Point of Sales (POS) terminal operating on Microsoft DOS which are not linked to the headquarters or other stores for its daily transactions. Although, the system has proved to be stable and reliable over time, it has become obsolete and cannot be supported by the providers. I recommend that the company invest on a new system like Windows, UNIX or Linux operating system which will enhance connectivity and flexibilityRead MoreZara Is A Non Domestic Retailer Company Essay3209 Words   |  13 Pages Analysis of Zara Name: Course: Institution: Abstract Zara is a non-domestic retailer company that offers a wide array of clothing for young adults, children men, and women. The first company store was opened in 1975 in the nation of Spain. However, it has been able to expand its operation in other countries such as United Kingdom, India, Japan, Mexico, and Canada. Zara has been able to maintain its position in the fashion market which is highly competitive as a result of itsRead MoreZara s Supply Chain Management3096 Words   |  13 Pageschain of Zara 6 - Rules of fashion supply chain management system 7 - The value chain of Zara 8 - Zara information system strategy 8 Conclusion and Recommendation 9 References 10 Abstract This paper presents the unique supply chain management (SCM) system of Spanish garments retailer Zara, the leading and the profitable brand of Inditex group, which empowered to achieve competitive advantage over other fashion retailers in the world. Zara s verticallyRead MoreZara: It for Fast Fashion3524 Words   |  15 PagesI. Executive Summary Zara produces of-the-moment fashion and has developed a very successful vertically integrated company which can design, manufacture, and distribute garments to retail stores in as little as three weeks. Zara s target market is comprised of urban, fashion-conscious consumers who shop frequently for the latest trends. Currently under debate is a proposed upgrade to the POS system throughout the Zara chain. With over 550 stores, this would be a huge undertaking for Inditex,Read MoreThe Analysis of Zara4664 Words   |  19 Pagesof Sunderland The faculty of Business and Law _______________________________ Module Title: Marketing Management Module code: PGBM15 The market analysis of ZARA ______________________________________________ Student Name: Xia Tang Student Number:139151583 Tutor: Steve Storey Module Leader: Sudipta Das Word Count:4005 Date of submission: 16th June 2014 Contents Introduction of ZARA 1 1 Dynamics and trends within the marketing environment of ZARA. 1 1.1 Introduction of marketingRead MoreZara Case Study1975 Words   |  8 PagesEducation Ltd. Company Case 19 Zara – the fast and furious giant of fashion One global retailer is expanding at a dizzying pace. It is on track for what appears to be world domination of its industry. Having built its own state-of-the-art distribution network, the company is leaving the competition in the dust in terms of sales and profits, not to mention speed of inventory management and turnover. Wal-Mart, you might think? No! Tesco, possibly? No! The company is Zara, the flagship specialty chain

Mandatory School Uniforms For Public Schools - 2112 Words

The loss of freedom of expression, wasting of money, and the opposition of most students for no true benefits is what mandatory school uniforms in public schools enforce. They take away the choice for young adults to express themselves through clothing styles. Uniforms are also costly due to not initially owning them, then the children not wishing to wear them or even being able to wear them outside of school grounds. These aspects are enforced because the administration believes it will benefit the students, but studies show otherwise. The use of mandatory school uniforms is not a progressive or useful direction for public schools to go in and messes with the idea of free education, children’s expectations, and does not prove to have any true benefits. Most of the time when uniforms are enforced it is a color scheme, typically relating to the school’s colors, and involves collared or polo shirts and slacks of some sort. These items are not usually what a child would run and pick out, so more likely than not you are going to have to buy a new wardrobe just for school. That is what I had to do my last year of middle school when they switched to uniforms. For one year of school I had to buy black, maroon and grey polo or collared shirts and black or navy blue pants with no tears. I wore these items only during school and for that one year, after that I never wore them again. After that there was no use for them. Even if my high school enforced uniforms the maroon would notShow MoreRelatedEssay on Mandatory Uniforms in Public Schools2537 Words   |  11 PagesMandatory Uniforms in Public Schools Do you want equality among students in your childs school? Do you want less violence within your childs school? Would you like your daughter to concentrate more on her schoolwork and less on what name brand jeans she is wearing? All this is possible with mandatory uniform policies in public school districts. School uniforms may seem outdated for some people, but in many cases they can improve school spirit, attendance and student behavior. AccordingRead More Against Mandatory School Uniforms in Public School Essay4389 Words   |  18 Pagesseven-year-old child up from school. He is crying and wearing a different outfit than the one he wore to school. This is naturally upsetting but not as upsetting as your next discovery. His shirt, one you have never seen before, has a large L written on the sleeve in permanent marker; his shorts, also not his, are too large, stained and faded. Upon questioning your child, you discover that, despite your best efforts at compliance, your child ’s clothing has violated the school’s uniform policy. Neither youRead More Mandatory Public School Uniforms are a Good Thing Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pagespants, pajamas, and even spandex shorts in school even though there have been policies about dress codes. Teachers, parents, and other adults feel disgruntled about the way they dress. Many students also complain about difficulties in concentrating on schoolwork because of the same reason. Obviously, what students wear to school has become a very distracting issue in the school environment. Therefore, school uniforms should be required in public schools due to many reasons. There have been manyRead MoreShould Public School System Be Mandatory Uniform Policy?1869 Words   |  8 Pages School Uniforms Sarah Chaudhry SOC 1020-090 University of Utah Fall 2015 â€Æ' Abstract: Unfortunately, public school has become less about education and more about being fashion forward. As a society, there is definitely a higher tendency for people to judge a person’s entire personality solely on what and how they are dressed. The desire to have the latest trending clothes is in far greater demand than to have the highest grades. As a result many issues such as vandalism, bullying, sexual harassmentRead MoreSchool Uniforms939 Words   |  4 Pagesover mandatory school uniforms is a raging topic in our country. Proponents of school uniforms conclude that there are many potential benefits to mandatory school uniforms, while opponents heartily challenge their claims. Potential benefits include: socioeconomic equalization, reduction in student violence and theft, restriction of gang activity, and improved focus in classrooms. Although these benefits would vastly improve our public education system, there is no clear evidence that school uniformsRead MoreSchool Uni forms1566 Words   |  7 Pagesfor School Uniforms A safe and structured learning environment is the first requirement of a good school. Children who feel safe and secure will better learn basic American values. In return they will learn the basis of good citizenship and become better students. In response to growing levels of violence in our schools, many parents, teachers, and school officials have been forced to look toward school uniforms as one potentially positive way to reduce discipline problems and increase school safetyRead MoreThe Correlation Between School Uniforms and Violence Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesIs the absence of school uniforms leading to an up rise of violence between children in public schools? According to the National School Safety Center’s Report on School Associated Violent Deaths, â€Å"Since the 1992-1993 school year, two-hundred seven were shooting victims† (Kelly n pag). According to the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), â€Å"10% of all public schools had one or more serious violent crimes (murder, rape, sexual battery, suicide, physical attackRead MoreBenefits Of A Uniformed School Day1550 Words   |  7 PagesA Uniformed School Day Uniforms have been a key element in promoting a successful, safe and unified establishment. Those successful establishments could possibly include a private high school, a sporting team, or even a business. Typically, private schools enforce the policy that a uniform most be worn by all enrolled students. But why hasn’t the majority of traditional public schools, developed uniform policies? Benefits of uniforms within schools may include, students feeling more professionalRead MoreSchool Uniforms And The School Uniform Policy964 Words   |  4 Pageslearning-oriented schools for their children. In 1996, President Bill Clinton challenged schools that â€Å" †¦ if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms.† (Boutelle 36). As a result, the Manual on School Uniforms was issued by the government to provide guidelines for those considering establi shing a school uniform policy. Ever since, proponents and opponents of mandated school uniforms haveRead MoreUniforms are One Less Distraction696 Words   |  3 Pages At first glance, fashion might seem to have very little to do with learning, but as the saying goes, â€Å"The clothes make the man,† or in this case â€Å"The clothes makes the student†Ã¢â‚¬â€ school uniform policies seemed to have made the difference in many schools throughout the world. Over the last decade, the implementation of such policy has been on the rise, bringing about waves of debate among students, parents and teachers. Today, more than ever before, the role of a teacher has become much more complex

How Western Imperialism Affects China and Japan Essay

How Western Imperialism affects China and Japan China and Japan had very different experiences with Western Imperialism . Their reactions to western interference would lay a foundation for their destiny in a world that was rapidly progressing forward , leaving the traditional world behind . China viewed themselves as totally self sufficient , superior , and the only truly civilized land in a barbarous world. They were inward looking and were encouraged by the conservative Confucianistic beliefs of their emperors to cling to the ancient and traditional ways of the past . They slid rapidly behind in industrial development , refusing to acknowledge the need for shipbuilding or naval development , and saw no importance in European trade .†¦show more content†¦Under the sixteen year old emperor - the Meiji , (Enlightened Rule ) Japan began preparing to resist Western penetration and in the process engineered a remarkable transformation of its country . The Japanese emperor set out to Westernize Japan and adopt Western methods of education , transportation , communication , industry , agriculture , b anking and most of all Japans military was updated and modernized . Politically and economically , Japan was a nation in rapid growth and vigorous transition . Japan also won two victories over the worlds two largest empires - China in 1895 and Russia in 1905 , which gave Japan Korea, the Liaotung peninsula in North China , and a new status as a world power . Between 1900 and 1940 , Japans exports would triple , manufactured goods multiplied a dozen times , and its population would climb to 78 million by 1940. Japans expanding commercial , industrial and financial economy was due mainly through the small group of wealthy business families known as the Zaibatsu . These included industrial dynasties such as Mitsubishi , Mitsui , Kawasaki , and other major firms . The Japanese used the most effective way to maintain their national identity , which was to adopt Western techniques , become civilized in the Western view , and deal with foreigners on equal economic and diplomatic terms . Japan succeeded in understanding the basic political and moral ideas of Western civilizationShow MoreRelatedEvents Leading up to World War II1741 Words   |  7 Pages1. Explain the context/ background of the events you are examining? For example: time; place and how it relates to colonization by the nation you are examining or other nations. The Great Depression, which occurred in 1929, devastated the economy of many counties worldwide, including Japan. Thus, many sought for imperialism as the answer, such as the Western power and Japan. Japan targeted China, planning on taking advantage of the turmoil that was taking place inside the country, greatly devastatingRead MoreTheodore Roosevelts the Threat of Japan1630 Words   |  7 PagesDocument: Theodore Roosevelt:  The Threat of Japan, 1909 [At Mt. Holyoke] Introduction: For my history assignment, I chose the document â€Å"Theodore Roosevelt’s The Threat of Japan†. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, modernization took place, bringing Japan to the height of power equivalent to a western power after defeating both China and Russia. United States was maintaining its policy of isolationism but was slowly transitioning to self interest imperialism, keeping control over countries with economicRead MoreCompare and Contrast: Japan and China Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesCAC: China and Japan During the early nineteenth century, both China and Japan enforced policies restricting foreign trade in order to avoid industrialization and western ideas, but after both societies experienced foreign invasions and unequal treaties being established by foreigners, Japan began to industrialize and became imperialists trying to create an empire, while China differed in that the people wanted reform and government restrained the reformation of their society, therefore causingRead MoreJapanese War And Japanese Imperialism1909 Words   |  8 PagesJapanese War. In 1937, Japan invaded the city of Nanjing after successfully taking over the city of Shanghai. Driven by violence and greed, Japanese troops were ordered to brutally execute the civilians in Nanjing. The Japanese troops raped and tortured thousands of innocent civilians, including children. This inhumane act of aggression caught the attention of foreign countries and allowed them to turn their sides on Japan. Not only did this e vent leave a negative reputation on Japan, but it also affectedRead MoreAn Intrusion Of American Elements1508 Words   |  7 Pagesaccessible way of â€Å"protesting†. First and foremost, the refusal of the Chinese media productions will prevent China from becoming a cultural imperialist in Vietnam. The concept of cultural imperialism is vague as best; but as Schiller (1976) laid out, â€Å"the concept of cultural imperialism today best describes the sum of the processes by which a society is brought into the modern world system and how its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutionsRead MoreThe Politics of International Economic Relations Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesMarxism. The perspectives of three authors overlap on three issues but have different view on them. The first issue is what are the main actors involved in economic relations according to liberals, realists and Marxists approaches. The second one is how do three approaches define the nature of hegemony in the articles differently. Finally, what do liberals, realists and Marxists think about the role of state power. At th e end of the essay, there will be a conclusion. What are the main actors involvedRead MoreExploring The Exotification Of East Asian Women1330 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I will be exploring the exotification of East Asian women in modern day society. My area of investigation in this writing is how these tropes pose danger towards East Asian women, instead of the misconception that they feel ‘flattered’ and sees it as a ‘compliment’. Orientalism is, according to Oxford English Dictionary, a term defined as ‘styles, artefacts or traits considered as the characteristics of the people and cultures in Asia’. It is also defined as the representation ofRead MoreBussiness Qa Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesdecade? What factors determine the size of the opportunity? 2. Why do companies tend to thrive in global markets when their country of origin enjoys a comparative advantage in their industry? 3. Explain how to calculate the balance of trade. How does the growing United States trade deficit impact the economy? Why? 4. Explain the meaning of â€Å"strong† currency and â€Å"weak† currency. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? 5. WhyRead MoreThe Reasons for Global Inequality1428 Words   |  6 Pages Not only did that state have the advantage of time on their side, but due to their early industrialization they would have been able to resist resource depleting colonial activity and the issues of economic dependence that are associated with Imperialism. This is illustrated today with the wealth of the West who have embarked on colonialism and have benefitted economically from it as they monopolized markets that allowed them to sell their surplus produce to the colonies without the issues relatedRead MoreThe Conflict Of World War II1600 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Global conflict is an inevitable event that affects a certain region in the world. It is a global crisis that severely strained the relationships between the affected countries around the world that signifies differences with the interests of two individuals and groups. For the case of World War II, the event was regarded as life-changing conflict as it impacted several countries around the world. The conflict brought a permanent change to the affected countries as the intensity of the

Incas Analysis Essay Example For Students

Incas Analysis Essay INCAS The vast Inca empire, with its advanced culture and powerful armies, spanned most of the Andes along South Americas western coast at the time of Spanish conquest in the early 16th century. The Incas had a very clear social structure. The ruler, Sapa Inca, and his wives, the Coyas, had supreme control over the empire. The High Priest and the Army Commander in Chief were next. Then came the Four Apus, the regional army commanders. Next came temple priests, architects, administrators and army generals. Next were artisans, musicians, army captains and the quipucamayoc, the Incan accountants. At the bottom were sorcerers, farmers, herding families and conscripts. WHO THE INCAS WERE The 16th-century written accounts of the Incas do not provide a very complete understanding of the economic and political organization of their state. It is clear, however, that the principles of Inca economics and politics were taken from old Andean traditions and were very different from European ones. The Inca state was not under the absolute control of its ruler. It was an array of dozens, if not hundreds, of different political, ethnic, and even linguistic groups. In order to maintain unity within the empire, an attempt was made to introduce uniform organizational and administrative procedures to the realm. This process, however, was far from complete in 1532, and administrative practices varied greatly from one part of the empire to another. An unusual characteristic of the Inca state was its ability to move people about the empire as colonists far from their homes. This custom of internal colonization allowed the Incas to place loyal groups in regions that were difficult to control. The practice also appears to have had economic aims in some cases; people could be relocated to develop new lands, new mines, or other

The Merchant Of Venice A Tragic Play free essay sample

The Merchant Of Venice: A Tragic Play Essay, Research Paper The Merchant of Venice: A Tragic Play In my sentiment the drama The Merchant of Venice is a tragic one which is discised as being amusing. Many factors of this drama are derived from the current voice of state of affairs. The Merchant of Venice could be looked at as more tragic because of the negative purposes from some of the characters in the drama. Greed and misrepresentation are merely a twosome of the chief characteristics from where many of the determinations are derived. For illustration, retaliation was an purpose that Sylock had against for Antonio, merely to state the least for, greed # 8230 ; Antonio is being a set victim for retaliation because of his misrepresentation against Shylock, and besides for anterior purpose to make. If The Merchant of Venice was to be looked at as more amusing, the scenarios wouldn # 8217 ; t be taken every bit earnestly as they should be. We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant Of Venice A Tragic Play or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Infact I believe that The Merchant of Venice written by William Shakespeare was officially intended to be so in both amusing and tragic. In deepness looking and detecting The Merchant of Venice I have seen a little equivalency in the sum of comicness and calamity in the drama. I have come up with the decision that William Shakespeare was a great dramatist and must hold been an absolute mastermind to compose the great and fantastic things that he did. The Merchant of Venice is first-class in it # 8217 ; s manner of depicting the characters. The emotion is spread out exhaustively like warm butter on hot toast. The calamity in The Merchant of Venice is credible and about true in a sense of my sentiment in associating to greed, human desire, and most of import Lashkar-e-Taiba non bury, anguish. Throughout The Merchant of Venice there are many strong feelings displayed through powerful lines of modern-day nature, to be true. William Shakespeare most likely wrote this drama The Merchant of Venice to expose how human greed could be so devouring to the psyche of a individual, which he did really good if I may state so. The kindling and enthusiasm of this drama makes it steeping to the reader or spectator and besides keeps the audience engaged in what is traveling to go on next. The comicness is besides brought out by each character by the necessary parametric quantities to make so for the spectator or reader. The Merchant of Venice besides states that supply and demand can change depending on character fifty sentiment and mentality from a individual personal position on the topic. Deducing a image from this drama is highly easy due the descriptive and emotional content of it. Greed in The Merchant of Venice is the most popular and looked upon topic in the whole full drama from where we are up to now in the category. In my sentiment greed in a bad thing about all of the clip. There are ever exclusions to everything. The ground why greed is so bad is because it turns you into a bad individual, normally. If you live in a nothingness of greed there is likely no hope you perchance desiring something merely for the grasp of it or something else. Through the eyes are some characters where they don # 8217 ; t even recognize what greed is because they are invariably surrounded by it. In my personal sentiment, I think that The Merchant of Venice is a nice drama, but non every bit good as some of William Shakespeare # 8217 ; s other dramas such as The Calamity of Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Othello. No affair which play written by William Shakespeare is looked at, it is classified as one of the greatest dramas in history and written by the most good known dramatist. The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare was the writer of the most widely admired and influential organic structure of literature by any person in the history of Western civilisation. His work consists of 36 dramas, 154 sonnets, and 2 narrative verse forms. Knowledge of Shakespeare is derived from two beginnings: his plants and those remains of legal and church records and modern-day allusions through which bookmans can follow the external facts of his life. Shakespeare wrote his dramas for public presentation, non publication, and seemingly took no portion in their printing. Nineteen plays appeared in single 4to volumes before looking in the First Folio. Some were printed from texts reconstructed from memory by the histrions, whereas others were supplied to the pressman by the company. Shakespeare # 8217 ; s indifference to publication creates jobs in dating and set uping accurate texts for the dramas. Through to the terminal of The Merchant of Venice, a concluding determination can be extracted to the full to endure the drama is more amusing than tragic or frailty versa. William Shakespeare is one who # 8217 ; s plants will neer be forgotten and will be taught to many coevals to come in the ulterior old ages.